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– Definition:
– Concerned with protecting society, the natural environment, and man-made environment from earthquakes.
– Limits seismic risk to socio-economically acceptable levels.
– Subset of structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, applied physics.
– Expands to encompass wider civil engineering, mechanical engineering, nuclear engineering, and social sciences.
– Objectives include foreseeing consequences of strong earthquakes on urban areas and infrastructure.

– Seismic Loading:
– Application of earthquake forces on structures.
– Tokyo Skytree is equipped with a tuned mass damper.
– Seismic loading crucial for designing earthquake-resistant structures.
– Helps understand how structures respond to ground motion.
– Important for ensuring safety and stability of buildings during earthquakes.

– Structural Behavior:
– Studies how structures behave under seismic forces.
– Analyzes response of buildings to ground shaking.
– Important for designing earthquake-resistant structures.
– Considers materials, design, and construction techniques.
– Helps improve building codes and construction practices.

– Retrofitting:
– Process of strengthening existing structures against earthquakes.
– Involves adding new elements to enhance structural performance.
– Important for improving safety of older buildings.
– Helps reduce damage and casualties during earthquakes.
– Retrofitting can be cost-effective compared to rebuilding.

– Risk Assessment:
– Evaluates potential impact of earthquakes on structures and society.
– Considers factors like location, building type, and soil conditions.
– Helps prioritize areas for mitigation efforts.
– Important for developing emergency response plans.
– Risk assessment aids in improving resilience to earthquakes.