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– Prehistoric Era
– Stone Age
– Paleolithic humans were hunter-gatherers.
– Lack of surviving evidence of construction due to nomadic lifestyle.
– Earliest construction evidence: 1.8 million year-old stone circle at Olduvai Gorge.
– Mesolithic era marked the start of agriculture.
– First man-made shelter evidence: 400,000 B.C. in Terra Amata, France.

– Neolithic Era
– Transition to agriculture in the New Stone Age.
– Shift towards building walls and forming cities.
– Early shelters: tents like the Inuits tupiq and huts.
– Self-sufficient construction by inhabitants using local materials.
– Evolution of bridges from simple wooden logs to timber trackways.

– Building Materials and Tools
– Prehistoric tools made of bone, ivory, stone, wood, metal, etc.
– Tools for cutting, scraping, pounding, and levering.
– Building materials: bones, stone, metal, bark, bamboo, and mud.
– Use of bricks and lime plaster in construction.
– Example: Jericho mud bricks dated to 9000 BC.

– Building Techniques
– Limitations due to absence of metal tools.
– Elaborate stone structures built using dry stone walling.
– Example: Skara Brae in Scotland, a complete Neolithic village.
– Use of ingenuity in construction techniques.
– Illustration: Neolithic fortified village with palisade wall and stilt houses.

– Evolution of Construction
– Construction began around 4000 BC for shelter.
– Key principles: durability of materials, building height, interior control, and energy efficiency.
– Trends in construction over time.
– Analysis of modern and ancient construction.
– Influence of structural engineering, civil engineering, and architecture.

– Growth of Cities and Populations
– Construction linked to city growth and population increase.
– Impact on technology, science, and history.
– Examination of structures, building materials, and tools.
– Relationship to urban development.
– Interconnection with advancements in society.