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– Background:
– Construction involves creating physical structures like buildings, bridges, or railways.
– Bricks were hand-molded mud blocks before 7,000 BC and mass-produced during the Industrial Revolution.
– Four basic structure types are residential, institutional/commercial, industrial, and infrastructure/heavy.
– Bricks are small, strong, durable, low maintenance, and allow for complex shapes in construction.
– Bricks are commonly used for aesthetic designs in construction.

– Residential:
– Residential building stages include foundations, formwork, scaffolding, concrete work, and reinforcement.
– Foundations support structures by transferring loads to suitable soil or rock layers.
– Civil engineers determine foundation types based on bearing capacity.
– Shallow, raft, pile, and strip foundations are common types used in construction.
– Trench fill and rubble trench foundations are variations of strip foundations.

– Formwork:
– Formwork creates molds for pouring and solidifying concrete.
– Traditional formwork uses wood but can also employ steel, glass fiber, or reinforced plastics.
– Formwork for beams consists of supported boxes with varying removal times.
– Column formwork matches the shape and size of the column to be poured.
– Falsework supports temporary structures during construction.

– Bar Bending:
– Rebar is used in reinforced concrete and masonry structures to add tensile strength.
– Rebar improves the bond with concrete and supports tensile loads.
– Concrete is typically used in commercial buildings and civil engineering projects.
– Concrete is a mix of cement, water, and aggregate like sand or stone.
– Insulating concrete forms (ICFs) can be used in home construction for added strength.

– Brick:
– Bricks are laid with mortar joints in various profiles for visual effects.
– Bonding patterns like stretcher bond and Flemish bond describe brick alignment.
– Different bond patterns include English bond, American common bond, and garden wall bond.
– Brick bonding patterns like header bond and stack bond have specific layouts.
– Various brick bonding patterns have been defined for different visual effects.