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History:
– Neanderthals engaged in underground construction earlier than humans
– Cave dwelling pre-historic people likely started human underground construction
– Purpose of many ancient underground structures remains a mystery
– All ancient civilizations practiced some form of underground construction
– Innovations like dynamite and shield tunneling techniques revolutionized underground construction

Safety and Regulation:
– Underground construction workers face risks like reduced light, dangerous spaces, and exposure to contaminants
– Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates underground construction in the U.S.
– Underground construction is among the most dangerous industries globally
– Automation is making underground construction safer
– OSHA does not regulate underground construction activities associated with mining

Tunnel Construction:
– Tunnels are the most common man-made subterranean structures
– Tunnels have been constructed since prehistory
– Paris Métro in France is an example of cut-and-cover construction
– Various methods are used for tunnel construction
– Tunnel construction is a significant aspect of underground engineering

Military Construction:
– Many historical fortifications were underground or partially below grade
– Modern underground military facilities emerged during WWII
– Nazi Germany used underground structures for military industry during WWII
– Cold War led to the construction of missile silos and leadership protection bunkers
– Examples include Cheyenne Mountain Complex and Beijing Underground City

See Also:
– Underwater construction involves industrial activities in underwater environments
– Planetary surface construction focuses on building structures on planetary surfaces
– Space architecture deals with designing habitable structures off-planet
– Underground living refers to living below the ground’s surface
– Tunnel warfare involves using tunnels in military conflicts