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**Overview of Zoning**:
– Zoning defines acceptable activities on lots (residential, commercial).
– Controls densities of activities (low to high density).
– Governs building height, space occupancy, setbacks, and lot dimensions.
– Includes regulations on landscaped space, impervious surfaces, and parking requirements.
– Managed by local governments with potential influence from state or national authorities.

**Historical Evolution of Zoning**:
– Ancient roots in classifying land based on use.
– Early zoning aimed to separate land uses without modern regulatory mechanisms.
– Emergence of modern zoning systems in the U.S. with ordinances in Los Angeles and New York City.
– Separation of undesirable functions from civic and religious areas in ancient cities.
– Urban regulation spurred by the Age of Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution.

**Types and Approaches to Zoning**:
– Zoning types: form-based and use-based approaches.
– Main approaches: use-based, form-based, performance, and incentive zoning.
– Use-based zoning includes single-use, mixed-use, or a combination of zones.
– Single-use zoning aims to prevent conflicts between land uses and preserve community character.
– Form-based zoning focuses on building form and street relations.

**Zoning Techniques**:
– Conventional use-based code.
– Smart performance or form-based code.
– Floating zones.
– Cluster zoning.
– Planned unit development (PUD).
– Specific techniques: pattern zoning, hybrid zoning, composite zoning, inclusionary zoning.

**Advanced Zoning Concepts**:
– Smart zoning incorporating information and communication technologies.
– Performance zoning using criteria for development projects.
– Incentive zoning allowing developers to intensify land use for public benefits.
– Advantages of smart zoning: incorporation of ICTs, flexibility, preservation of open space, reduced costs, enhanced access to amenities.
– Specific techniques like floating zones and cluster zoning for efficient land use and open space preservation.